Manufacturing status | |
---|---|
Manufacturer | Bayer |
Type | Herbicide |
Introduced to market | 1976[1] |
Purposes | |
Agriculture | Non-selective post-emergence weed control |
Herbicide properties | |
Surfactant | Polyethoxylated tallow amine (most common) |
Main active ingredient | Isopropylaminesalt of glyphosate |
Mode of action | 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitor |
Roundup is the brand name of a systemic, broad-spectrum glyphosate-based herbicide originally produced by Monsanto, which Bayer acquired in 2018.[2]Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the United States.[3] As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides still represented about 10 percent of Monsanto's revenue despite competition from Chinese producers of other glyphosate-based herbicides.[4] The overall Roundup line of products, which includes genetically modified seeds, represented about half of Monsanto's yearly revenue.[5] The product is marketed to consumers by Scotts Miracle-Gro Company.[6]
Monsanto developed and patented the glyphosate molecule in the 1970s, and marketed it as Roundup from 1973. It retained exclusive rights to glyphosate in the US until its US patent expired in September 2000; in other countries the patent expired earlier. The Roundup trademark is registered with the US Patent Office and still extant. However, glyphosate is no longer under patent, so similar products use it as an active ingredient.[7]
As of January 2019, 'the sale, distribution, and use of Roundup 360 is banned' in France.[8]
The main active ingredient of Roundup is the isopropylaminesalt of glyphosate. Another ingredient of Roundup is the surfactant POEA (polyethoxylated tallow amine).
Mar 15, 2016 2,4-D weed killer is a toxic herbicide that comes with known health risks, but it is still being used on crops, in parks, and maybe even in your own backyard. Learn about this dangerous chemical. Comparing Broadleaf Herbicides. Post by Barley » April 29th, 2011, 9:30 pm Any opinions on Weed-B-Gon Max vs. Straight 2,4-d for broadleaf weed control on cool season grasses? I have used Weed-B-Gon Max and had ok results with it. I also know people who swear by Trimec. The straight 2,4-d I am considering because I can get it for.
Monsanto also produced seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate, which are known as Roundup Ready crops. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds.
- 2Acute toxicity
- 4Legal
Composition[edit]
Beyond the glyphosate salt content, commercial formulations of Roundup contain surfactants, which vary in nature and concentration. As a result, the primary and secondary effects of this herbicide are not exclusively due to the main active ingredient.[9]
Acute toxicity[edit]
Roundup contains the surfactant polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), which makes it more toxic for aquatic species than some other glyphosate formulations.[10][11] With the exception of the French-based international cancer research agency (IARC), affiliated with the WHO and the UN, scientific reviews and regulatory agencies have regularly concluded that glyphosate-based herbicides do not lead to significant risks for human or environmental health when the product label is properly followed.[12] Two journalists from Le Monde won the 2018 European Press Prize for the 'Monsanto Papers,' a series of articles which described, among other things, the intimidation the IARC scientists received after publishing their finding that glyphosate was a 'probable carcinogen' in Monograph 112.[13]
Human[edit]
The acute oral toxicity for mammals is low,[10] but death has been reported after deliberate overdose of concentrated Roundup.[14] The surfactants in glyphosate formulations can increase the relative acute toxicity of the formulation.[15] Surfactants generally do not, however, cause synergistic effects (as opposed to additive effects) that increase the acute toxicity of glyphosate within a formulation.[15] The surfactant POEA is not considered an acute toxicity hazard, and has an oral toxicity similar to vitamin A and less toxic than aspirin.[16] Deliberate ingestion of Roundup ranging from 85 to 200 ml (of 41% solution) has resulted in death within hours of ingestion, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms.[17] Consumption of over 85 ml of concentrated product is likely to cause serious symptoms in adults, including burns due to corrosive effects as well as kidney and liver damage. More severe cases lead to 'respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, pulmonary edema, infiltration on chest X-ray, shock, arrhythmias, renal failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalaemia' and death is often preceded by bradycardia and ventricular arrhythmias.[15]
Skin exposure can cause irritation, and photocontact dermatitis has been occasionally reported. Severe skin burns are very rare.[15] In a 2017 risk assessment, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) wrote: 'There is very limited information on skin irritation in humans. Where skin irritation has been reported, it is unclear whether it is related to glyphosate or co-formulants in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations.' The ECHA concluded that available human data was insufficient to support classification for skin corrosion or irritation.[18]
Inhalation is a minor route of exposure, but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, or tingling and irritation in the throat. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis. Superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate.[15]
Aquatic[edit]
Glyphosate formulations with POEA, such as Roundup, are not approved for aquatic use due to aquatic organism toxicity.[19] Due to the presence of POEA, glyphosate formulations only allowed for terrestrial use are more toxic for amphibians and fish than glyphosate alone.[19][20][21] Terrestrial glyphosate formulations that include the surfactants POEA and MON 0818 (75% POEA) may have negative impacts on various aquatic organisms like protozoa, mussels, crustaceans, frogs and fish.[10] Aquatic organism exposure risk to terrestrial formulations with POEA is limited to drift or temporary water pockets.[19] While laboratory studies can show effects of glyphosate formulations on aquatic organisms, similar observations rarely occur in the field when instructions on the herbicide label are followed.[12]
Studies in a variety of amphibians have shown the toxicity of products containing POEA to amphibian larvae. These effects include interference with gill morphology and mortality from either the loss of osmotic stability or asphyxiation. At sub-lethal concentrations, exposure to POEA or glyphosate/POEA formulations have been associated with delayed development, accelerated development, reduced size at metamorphosis, developmental malformations of the tail, mouth, eye and head, histological indications of intersex and symptoms of oxidative stress.[21] Glyphosate-based formulations can cause oxidative stress in bullfrog tadpoles.[22] The use of glyphosate-based pesticides are not considered the major cause of amphibian decline, the bulk of which occurred prior to widespread use of glyphosate or in pristine tropical areas with minimal glyphosate exposure.[23]
A 2000 review of the toxicological data on Roundup concluded that 'for terrestrial uses of Roundup minimal acute and chronic risk was predicted for potentially exposed nontarget organisms'. It also concluded that there were some risks to aquatic organisms exposed to Roundup in shallow water.[24]
Carcinogenicity[edit]
There is limited evidence that human cancer risk might increase as a result of occupational exposure to large amounts of glyphosate, such as agricultural work, but no good evidence of such a risk from home use, such as in domestic gardening.[25] The consensus among national pesticide regulatory agencies and scientific organizations is that labeled uses of glyphosate have demonstrated no evidence of human carcinogenicity.[citation needed][26] Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization, European Commission, Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency, and the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment[27] have concluded that there is no evidence that glyphosate poses a carcinogenic or genotoxic risk to humans. The final assessment of the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority in 2017 was that 'glyphosate does not pose a carcinogenic risk to humans'.[28] The EPA has classified glyphosate as Group E, meaning 'evidence of non-carcinogenicity in humans'.[29] One international scientific organization, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), affiliated with the WHO, has made claims of carcinogenicity in research reviews; in 2015 the IARC declared glyphosate 'probably carcinogenic.'[30]
Legal[edit]
In the ten months following Bayer's June 2018 acquisition of Monsanto, its stock lost 46% of its value because of investor apprehension concerning the 11,200 lawsuits filed against its subsidiary.[31]
Cancer cases[edit]
On 10 August 2018, Dewayne Johnson, who has non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, was awarded $289 million in damages (later cut to $78 million on appeal)[32] after a jury in San Francisco found that Monsanto had failed to adequately warn consumers of cancer risks posed by the herbicide.[33][34] Johnson had routinely used two different glyphosate formulations in his work as a groundskeeper, RoundUp and another Monsanto product called Ranger Pro.[35][36] The jury's verdict addressed the question of whether Monsanto knowingly failed to warn consumers that RoundUp could be harmful, but not whether RoundUp causes cancer.[37] Court documents from the case show the company's efforts to influence scientific research via ghostwriting.[38] After the IARC classified glyphosate as a 'probable human carcinogen' in 2015, over 300 federal lawsuits have been filed that were consolidated into a multidistrict litigation called In re: RoundUp Products Liability.[39]
In March 2019, a man was awarded $80 million in a lawsuit claiming Roundup was a substantial factor in his cancer,[40][41] resulting in Costco stores discontinuing sales.[42]
On 13 May 2019 a jury in California ordered Bayer to pay a couple $2 billion in damages after finding that the company had failed to adequately inform consumers of the possible carcinogenicity of Roundup.[43]
False advertising[edit]
In 1996, Monsanto was accused of false and misleading advertising of glyphosate products, prompting a law suit by the New York State attorney general.[44] Monsanto had made claims that its spray-on glyphosate based herbicides, including Roundup, were safer than table salt and 'practically non-toxic' to mammals, birds, and fish, 'environmentally friendly', and 'biodegradable'.[45][46] Citing avoidance of costly litigation, Monsanto settled the case, admitting no wrongdoing, and agreeing to remove the offending advertising claims in New York State.[46]
Environmental and consumer rights campaigners brought a case in France in 2001 accusing Monsanto of presenting Roundup as 'biodegradable' and claiming that it 'left the soil clean' after use; glyphosate, Roundup's main ingredient, was classed by the European Union as 'dangerous for the environment' and 'toxic for aquatic organisms'. In January 2007, Monsanto was convicted of false advertising and fined 15,000 euros. The result was confirmed in 2009.[47][48]
Falsification of test results[edit]
Some tests originally conducted on glyphosate by contractors were later found to have been fraudulent, along with tests conducted on other pesticides. Concerns were raised about toxicology tests conducted by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories in the 1970s[49] and Craven Laboratories was found to have fraudulently analysed samples for residues of glyphosate in 1991.[50] Monsanto has stated that the studies have since been repeated.[51]
Ban in France[edit]
In January 2019, Roundup 360 was banned in France following a Lyon court ruling that regulator ANSES had not given due weight to safety concerns when they approved the product in March 2017. The ban went into effect immediately. The court's decision cited research by the IARC, based in Lyon.[52][8]
Genetically modified crops[edit]
Roundup was first developed in the 1970s by Monsanto. It was initially used in a similar way to paraquat and diquat, as a non-selective herbicide. Attempts were made to apply glyphosate-based herbicides to row crops, but problems with crop damage kept them from being widely used for this purpose. In the USA, use of Roundup experienced rapid growth following the commercial introduction of a glyphosate-resistant soybean in 1996.[53] 'Roundup Ready' became the company trademark for its patented line of crop seed that are resistant to Roundup. Between 1990 and 1996 sales of Roundup increased around 20% per year.[54] As of 2015 it is used in over 160 countries.[55] Roundup is used most heavily on corn, soy, and cotton crops that have been genetically modified to withstand the chemical, but since 2012 glyphosate was used in California to treat other crops like almond, peach, cantaloupe, onion, cherry, sweet corn, and citrus.[55]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Monsanto ~ Who We Are ~ Company History'. Monsanto.com. 2008-11-03. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^'Monsanto No More: Agri-Chemical Giant's Name Dropped In Bayer Acquisition'. NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
- ^US EPA 2000–2001 Pesticide Market Estimates Agriculture, Home and Garden
- ^'The debate over whether Monsanto is a corporate sinner or saint'. The Economist. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^Cavallaro, Matt (2009-06-26). 'The Seeds Of A Monsanto Short Play'. Forbes. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- ^Jack Kaskey (2019-05-01). 'Scotts Miracle-Gro Jumps Most in Decade on Pot-Supplies Rebound'. Bloomberg.
- ^'California Product/Label Database'. Cdpr.ca.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ ab'French court cancels Monsanto weedkiller permit on safety grounds'. Reuters. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^Review article at of glyphosate poisoning at Pubmed by Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA. of the National Poisons Information Service (Birmingham Centre) and West Midlands Poisons Unit, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. National Institutes of Health
- ^ abcVan Bruggen, A.H.C.; He, M.M.; Shin, K.; Mai, V.; Jeong, K.C.; Finckh, M. R.; Morris, J.G. (2018-03-01). 'Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate'. Science of the Total Environment. 616-617: 255–268. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309. ISSN0048-9697. PMID29117584.
- ^Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to Rodeo(PDF), Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. (SERA), retrieved 2018-08-20
- ^ abRolando, Carol; Baillie, Brenda; Thompson, Dean; Little, Keith (12 June 2017). 'The Risks Associated with Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Use in Planted Forests'. Forests. 8 (6): 208. doi:10.3390/f8060208.
- ^Stéphane Foucart; Stéphane Horel. 'The Investigative Reporting Award 2018 Winner: Monsanto Papers'. European Press Prize. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
[T]he non-American scientists who had been members of the IARC panel on glyphosate all received the same letter. Sent by Monsanto’s law firm, Hollingsworth, the letter told them to hand over all the files related to their work on Monograph 112.
- ^Sribanditmongkol P, Jutavijittum P, Pongraveevongsa P, Wunnapuk K, Durongkadech P (Sep 2012). 'Pathological and toxicological findings in glyphosate-surfactant herbicide fatality: a case report'. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 33 (3): 234–7. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31824b936c. PMID22835958.
- ^ abcdeBradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA (2004). 'Glyphosate poisoning'. Toxicological Reviews. 23 (3): 159–67. doi:10.2165/00139709-200423030-00003. PMID15862083.
- ^Williams, Gary M.; Kroes, Robert; Munro, Ian C. (April 2000). 'Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans'. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 31 (2): 117–165. doi:10.1006/rtph.1999.1371. PMID10854122.
- ^Talbot AR, Shiaw MH, Huang JS, Yang SF, Goo TS, Wang SH, Chen CL, Sanford TR (Jan 1991). 'Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): a review of 93 cases'. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 10 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1177/096032719101000101. PMID1673618.
- ^Committee of Risk Assessment Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at EU level of glyphosate (ISO); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
- ^ abc'SS-AGR-104 Safe Use of Glyphosate-Containing Products in Aquatic and Upland Natural Areas'(PDF). University of Florida. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^Gary L. Diamond and Patrick R. Durkin February 6, 1997, under contract from the United States Department of Agriculture. Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to RODEO
- ^ abMann RM, Hyne RV, Choung CB, Wilson SP (2009). 'Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment'. Environmental Pollution. 157 (11): 2903–2927. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.015. PMID19500891.
- ^'IARC monograph on glyphosate'(PDF). IARC. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-09-05. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
- ^Wagner N, Reichenbecher W, Teichmann H, Tappeser B, Lötters S (Aug 2013). 'Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians'. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / SETAC. 32 (8): 1688–700. doi:10.1002/etc.2268. PMID23637092.
- ^JP Giesy, KR Solomon, S Dobson (2000). 'Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup Herbicide'. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167: 35-120
- ^'Food Controversies—Pesticides and organic foods'. Cancer Research UK. 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^Tarazona, Jose V.; Court-Marques, Daniele; Tiramani, Manuela; Reich, Hermine; Pfeil, Rudolf; Istace, Frederique; Crivellente, Federica (3 April 2017). 'Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC'. Archives of Toxicology. 91 (8): 2723–2743. doi:10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5. PMC5515989. PMID28374158.
- ^'The BfR has finalised its draft report for the re-evaluation of glyphosate - BfR'. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
- ^Guston, David; Ludlow, Karinne (2010). 'Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority'. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBN978-1-4129-6987-1.
- ^US EPA, OCSPP (2017-12-18). 'EPA Releases Draft Risk Assessments for Glyphosate'(Announcements and Schedules). US EPA. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
- ^Cressey, Daniel. 'Widely used herbicide linked to cancer'. Nature. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
- ^Anaïs Moutot (28 March 2019). 'Glyphosate: nouveau revers judiciare pour Bayer'. Les Echos (in French). Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/03/27/monsanto-roundup-cancer-lawsuit-california-man-awarded-80-million/3293824002/
- ^'Monsanto ordered to pay $289 million in world's first Roundup...'Reuters. 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
- ^'Weedkiller 'doesn't cause cancer' - Bayer'. BBC News. 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2018-08-11.
- ^Johnston, Gretel (2018-08-11). 'Dying cancer patient awarded $395m in Monsanto Roundup case'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
- ^Fee, Dawn M; Company, Monsato; Street, I. 'United States Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460': 33.
- ^Ebersole, Rene (2018-08-17). 'Monsanto Just Lost a Case Linking Its Weed Killer to Cancer'. The Nation. ISSN0027-8378. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
- ^'Monsanto Emails Raise Issue of Influencing Research on Roundup Weed Killer'. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
- ^'Monsanto's Cancer Fight Judge Pictures Weed Killer Showers'. Bloomberg.com. 2018-03-14. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
- ^https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial
- ^https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/2019/03/28/monsanto-roundup-cancer-lawsuit-louisville-lawyer-wins-huge-verdict-80-million/3295421002/
- ^Johnson, Stephen (29 March 2019). 'Costco stops selling controversial Roundup weedkiller'. Big Think.
- ^'Bayer's $2 Billion Roundup Damages Boost Pressure to Settle'. bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ^mindfully.org. 'Attorney General of the State of New York. Consumer Frauds and Protection Bureau. Environmental Protection Bureau. 1996. In the matter of Monsanto Company, respondent. Assurance of discontinuance pursuant to executive law § 63(15). New York, NY, Nov'. Mindfully.org. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^'Monsanto pulls Roundup advertising in New York', Wichita Eagle, Nov. 27, 1996.
- ^ ab'Monsanto Agrees to Modify Roundup Ads in New York State'. Associated Press. 25 November 1996. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ^'Monsanto guilty in 'false ad' row'. BBC. 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^'Monsanto définitivement condamné pour 'publicité mensongère' à propos du Round Up' [Monsanto finally convicted for 'false advertising' about the Round Up] (in French). Le Monde. 2009-10-15.
- ^'Summary of the IBT review program'. U.S. EPA Office of pesticides and Toxic Substances. July 1983.
- ^Keith Schneider (1991-03-02). 'U.S. Seeks to Learn if Tests On Pesticides Were Falsified'. New York Times. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ^'Testing Fraud: IBT and Craven Labs'(PDF). Backgrounder. Monsanto. June 2005.
- ^'Weedkiller Roundup banned in France after court ruling'. France 24. 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
- ^Duke, Stephen O. (June 2017). 'The history and current status of glyphosate'. Pest Management Science. 74 (5): 1027–1034. doi:10.1002/ps.4652. PMID28643882. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^'Top-selling herbicide not close to withering'. Wall Street Journal. 1996-01-08. Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ ab'What Do We Really Know About Roundup Weed Killer?'. National Geographic News. 2015-04-23. Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
Further reading[edit]
- Baccara, Mariagiovanna, et al. ”Monsanto's Roundup”, NYU Stern School of Business: August 2001, Revised July 14, 2003.
- Pease W S et al. (1993) ”Preventing pesticide-related illness in California agriculture: Strategies and priorities”. Environmental Health Policy Program Report. Berkeley, CA: University of California. School of Public Health. California Policy Seminar.
- Wang Y, Jaw C and Chen Y (1994) “Accumulation of 2,4-D and glyphosate in fish and water hyaacinth”. Water Air Soil Pollute. 74:397–403
External links[edit]
- EPA's Integrated Risk Information System entry for glyphosate the main ingredient in Roundup
These two products are different, and they kill with differentmechanisms. RoundUp (glyphosate) kills pretty much all vegetationand Crossbow is a combination of two broadleaf killers, which areester 2,4,-d and triclopyr. RoundUp may be 'stronger' in a sensebut if you are targeting particular weeds with the desire to keepthe grass around, use Crossbow.
One thing to keep in mind is that if you kill everything usingRoundUp, you're opening your ground to a whole host of other weedsthat will move in as soon as the RoundUp binds with the soil(RoundUp doesn't go away, it just binds very readily with soil andorganic particles). Nature abhors a vacuum so in many cases it'sbetter to hit the thistles and woody weeds with the Crossbow andallow grass to take over. Otherwise you can end up with even morethistles and plants you would have never imagined coming in sixmonths later.
Crossbow and any other broad-leaf killer works most effectivelyon actively-growing plants except some respond better when hit inthe fall. Same deal with RoundUp. Crossbow may be more likely tomake its way through the soil to kill plants you didn't mean tokill. RoundUp stays where you spray it, even after it hits thesoil.
Tiger versus leopard?
The tiger would win since it is larger and stronger. Read More
Which Pokemon move is stronger psychic or confusion?
Psychic is, because Psychic does 90 attack versus Confusion which does 50. Read More
What is stronger oxycodone 30 mg or oxycodone 5-325mg?
30mg is way stronger, what kinda a ? is that, 30mg Oxycodone , versus 5mg oxycodne and 325mg Tylenol. the 30 is 6 of the 5-325 without the Tylenol Read More
Debate on theory before research versus research then theory?
You should research then then debate on the theory, that way, you have a stronger foundation to build your argument. Read More
How much stronger is a dog sense of smell than a human?
According to the American Kennel Club: A dog's sense of smell is 100,000 times stronger than a human's. It is said that dogs have 2 billion olfactory receptors, versus 40 million in humans. Read More
What was the strength of the hydrogen bomb versus the atomic bomb dropped on japan?
Those hydrogen bombs were 20 times stronger at the beginning and later all got worst in the arms race. Read More
Is a cylinder stronger than a triangular prism?
simply judging from the great pyramids at Egypt versus any other man-made structure in history, i'd say that the triangular prism is the sturdiest Read More
Freddy versus Jason versus chucky verus leatherface versus Micheal versus goku?
What hormone kills daisies but not grass and why?
The herbicide 2,4-D mimics the plant hormone auxin and sets off a complex series of events – involving two other plant hormones – that eventually lead to the death of susceptible plants. Grasses are much less sensitive to synthetic auxin herbicides than are dicots. Read More
What are the numbers of Oxen versus horse usage in early US?
There were definitely more Oxen used because oxen are much stronger than horses and can carry/pull much more than horses. Read More
What conflicts have divided Vietnam?
Catholic versus Buddhist, Communist versus Democracy and the constants of poor versus rich, haves versus have nots, land owner versus peasant. Read More
What is the ISBN of Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator?
The ISBN of Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator is 1-56971-568-8. Read More
What is an abbreviation for the word 'versus'?
There are two ways to abbreviate 'versus,' vs. or v. Read More
What does the name Versus mean?
To me 'Versus' means 'against' as in 'Portsmouth versus Manchester United'. Read More
What is Latin for versus?
4 types of conflict?
Person versus self, person versus society, person versus nature, person versus person. I like bacon. Read More
What best describes the tensions within England at the time Elizabeth I took the throne A.King versus queen B.Ruling class versus proletariat C.Immigrant versus native D.Protestant versus Catholic?
What is stronger a Bengal tiger or a Sumatran tiger?
In a battle between a Sumatran Tiger versus a Bengal Tiger there are more chances the Sumatran Tiger will win. After all Sumatran Tigers are the second best tigers followed by the Siberian Tiger. Read More
What are the classification schemes for antibiotics based on?
bacterial spectrum (broad versus narrow), route of administration (injectable versus oral versus topical), or type of activity (bactericidal versus bacteriostatic) Read More
Who would be the last one standing in a Sephiroth versus Kefka versus Ultimecia versus Seymour fight?
What are types of conflicts in English Romanticism?
The types of conflict in literature are man versus man, man versus self, man versus nature, and man versus God. These can be found in English Romanticism. Read More
What is the past tense of 'versus'?
Versus has no past tense. 'Do you remember last year? Well there was a battle match Wikianswers versus Wikipedia. Wikianswers totally won!' Read More
When was NHL on Versus created?
When did NHL on Versus end?
What is life versus death in latin?
How can you use the word versus in a sentence?
When it comes to Democrats and Republicans, it's not Right versus left, it's Right versus wrong... Read More
What is heredity versus environment?
Heredity versus environment, or nature versus nurture, is the argument about how much of our characteristics are ingrained in our genetics and how much of them are created as a result of the life we lead. There is no clear answer to the problem of heredity versus environment. Read More
What is the duration of NHL on Versus?
The duration of NHL on Versus is 2.5 hours. Read More
Is it vs. or vs for versus?
What is the duration of Australia Versus?
The duration of Australia Versus is 2 hours. Read More
What is the duration of The People Versus?
The duration of The People Versus is 1800.0 seconds. Read More
When to capitalize v in versus?
When determining whether to capitalize the word 'versus,' simply apply the general rules of capitalization. There are no special capitalization rules for the word 'versus.' Remember, however, that 'versus' is a Latin word and should properly appear in italics. The abbreviation of 'versus' is 'v.' and again it should be italicized. Read More
How can you abbreviate versus as in Teachers versus students?
The abbreviation for 'versus' is vs. Be careful not to confuse versus with verses, a noun referring to related lines of poetry, song lyrics, or religious writing. Read More
What quantity is represented by the slope in a velocity-versus-time graph?
The slope of a velocity-versus-time graph represents the acceleration of the object. Read More
When was Australia Versus created?
Australia Versus was created on 2010-07-06. Read More
When did Australia Versus end?
What is the ISBN of Batman versus Predator?
The ISBN of Batman versus Predator is 1563890925. Read More
When did The People Versus end?
What is the future tense of versus?
The word versus is a preposition; therefore, it doesn't have tense. Read More
What is versus jip?
Versus JIP stands for 'Joined In Progress'. In between the 1st and 2nd games aired on VERSUS they will show the 'JIP' games if still in progress. Read More
Does the sports network Versus still air?
Versus is no longer the name of a sports network. Due to a merger between Comcast, the original majority owner of Versus, and NBC, the network that was formerly named Versus was rebranded as the NBC Sports Network. Read More
What is the value of a Charles meakin water picther basin and soap dish?
Everyone is taking less money for items that hold value if you can hang on to it and let the economy bounce back stronger you sould be able to hear the real value versus someone trying to scam you. Read More
What does the root word of versus mean?
The root word of versus, in the original Latin 'vertere,' means to turn to face something. In English, it doesn't have a root beyond versus. Read More
When was Leiningen Versus the Ants created?
Leiningen Versus the Ants was created in 1938-12. Read More
What is the duration of Pete versus Life?
The duration of Pete versus Life is 1500.0 seconds. Read More
What is the duration of Tarkan Versus the Vikings?
The duration of Tarkan Versus the Vikings is 1.43 hours. Read More
What is the duration of Asterix Versus Caesar?
The duration of Asterix Versus Caesar is 1.32 hours. Read More
What is the duration of Joe Versus the Volcano?
The duration of Joe Versus the Volcano is 1.7 hours. Read More
What type of graph is used for acceleration?
Speed-Versus-Time, Distance-Versus-Time. Read More
What is the duration of Mishki versus Yudenich?
The duration of Mishki versus Yudenich is 1500.0 seconds. Read More